ABSTRACT
PURPOSE: The PSA recurrence develops in 27 to 53 percent within ten years after radical prostatectomy (RP). We investigated the factors (disease grade and stage or the surgeon's expertise,) more likely to influence biochemical recurrence in men post-radical prostatectomy for organ-confined prostate cancer by different surgeons in the same institution. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 510 patients that underwent radical prostatectomy were investigated retrospectively. Biochemical recurrence was defined as detection of a PSA level of > 0.20 ng/mL by two subsequent measurements. The causes, which are likely to influence the development of PSA recurrence, were separated into two groups as those related to the disease and those related to the surgical technique. RESULTS: Biochemical recurrence was detected in 23.5 percent (120 cases) of 510 cases. The parameters most likely to influence biochemical recurrence were: PSA level (p < 0.0001), T stage (p < 0.0001), the presence of extracapsular invasion prostate (p < 0.0001), Gleason scores (p = 0.042, p < 0.0001) and the presence of biopsy with perineural invasion (p = 0.03). The only surgical factor that demonstrated relevance was inadvertent capsular incision during the surgery that influenced the PSA recurrence (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: The PSA recurrence was detected in 21.6 percent of patients who had been treated with radical prostatectomy within 5 years, which indicates that the parameters related to the disease and the patient have a pivotal role in the PSA recurrence.
Subject(s)
Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/blood , Prostate-Specific Antigen/blood , Prostatectomy/adverse effects , Prostatic Neoplasms/surgery , Urology/standards , Age Factors , Analysis of Variance , Clinical Competence , Neoplasm Grading , Neoplasm Invasiveness , Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/etiology , Prostatectomy/methods , Prostatic Neoplasms/blood , Prostatic Neoplasms/pathology , Retrospective StudiesABSTRACT
Prostate cancer is one of the most common cancers in men, with a high incidence rates in Turkey. However, the early detection and diagnosis rates are considerably lower among Turkish men as compared with their counterparts in Western countries. This fact reflects a lack of awareness and fear of prostate cancer as well as low prevention activities. To reduce the disparities in prostate cancer survival, there is a great need to increase men's participation in screening programs. The present study was performed to assess why men do not seek screening or participate in screening programs, focusing on the demographics of men refusing a free screening program for prostate cancer.
ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the inhibitory effects of zoledronic acid (ZA) on tumor related growth factor IL-6 in hormone resistant prostate cancer cell lines. The association between apoptosis and IL-6 inhibition was also assessed. MATERIALS AND METHODS: PC-3 and DU145 cell lines were treated with different concentrations of ZA (1-100µM) at various intervals (24-72 h.). The cell viability was investigated by XTT assay and apoptotic effect was evaluated by cell death detection ELISA kit. Caspase 3/7 activity assay was performed to confirm apoptosis. IL-6 levels were measured by ELISA in the supernatant, and these data were also confirmed by IL-6 mRNA analysis using RT-PCR. RESULTS: PC-3 and DU145 cell lines were sensitive to ZA mediated cytotoxicity in a dose- and time-dependent manner. However, the apoptotic effect was significantly different among PC-3 and DU145 cells (p < 0.05). IL-6 secretion was significantly lower in both cell lines, compared to the untreated control cells (p < 0.05). Although the increased inhibition of IL-6 secretion was associated with increased apoptosis in DU145 cells (p = 0.002), there was no similar association for PC-3 cell line (p = 0.347). When compared to the untreated controls, the number of cDNA copies was significantly lower in the ZA treated DU145 cell line at doses of 30 and 90µM (p < 0.05), suggesting a reduced expression of IL-6 mRNA. CONCLUSION: ZA exhibited a time- and dose-dependent apoptotic effect on PC-3 and DU145 prostate cancer cell lines and this effect was associated with inhibited secretion of IL-6 in DU145 cell line.